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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.
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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
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Gastrulation: Its Principles and Variations.

Hisato Kondoh1,2

  • 1Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.

Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation
|March 21, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Gastrulation reorganizes epiblast cells into germ layers, influencing cell fate. This chapter details neuromesodermal progenitors' roles in gastrulation and somatic tissue development.

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Embryogenesis

Background:

  • Epiblast cells transform into diverse somatic cells during gastrulation, a critical developmental process.
  • Gastrulation establishes three primary germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm, each giving rise to specific tissues.
  • Research has predominantly focused on the primitive streak's role in gastrulation, particularly in chicken and mouse models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the regulation of cell and tissue fate during gastrulation.
  • To provide an in-depth discussion of neuromesodermal progenitors (NMPs) and their regulatory functions in gastrulation.
  • To broaden the discussion on gastrulation's role in generating various somatic tissues, considering variations beyond the primitive streak.

Main Methods:

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  • Review of existing literature on gastrulation and epiblast cell fate.
  • Analysis of the regulatory mechanisms governing cell and tissue development during gastrulation.
  • Synthesis of findings related to neuromesodermal progenitors (NMPs) in gastrulation processes.

Main Results:

  • Gastrulation is a fundamental process that dictates cell and tissue fate.
  • Neuromesodermal progenitors (NMPs) play a crucial, though previously under-clarified, role in gastrulation.
  • Primitive streak formation, common in chickens and mice, is not universal among amniotes, necessitating broader investigation of gastrulation mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Gastrulation profoundly influences cell and tissue differentiation.
  • Understanding neuromesodermal progenitors (NMPs) is key to resolving complexities in gastrulation research.
  • A comprehensive view of gastrulation is essential for understanding the broad generation of somatic tissues across different species.