Targeting Hypertension: A Review on Pathophysiological Factors and Treatment Strategies

Area of Science:

• Cardiology
• Public Health
• Nephrology

Background:

• Hypertension is a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and mortality globally.
• Prevalence is higher in low- and middle-income countries, posing a significant public health challenge.
• While 2-5% of cases stem from renal or adrenal disorders, most are essential hypertension with complex pathophysiology.

Purpose of the Study:

• To outline the risks associated with hypertension, including CVD events like heart attack, heart failure, and stroke.
• To detail current first-line management strategies for hypertension, emphasizing lifestyle modifications and pharmacotherapy.
• To highlight the need for improved access to diagnosis, treatment, and interventions.

Main Methods:

• Review of existing literature on hypertension pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatment guidelines.
• Analysis of the additive effects of lifestyle interventions on blood pressure reduction.
• Evaluation of criteria for initiating antihypertensive medication based on blood pressure levels and CVD risk.

Main Results:

• Lifestyle changes (diet, exercise, weight loss, reduced alcohol) are foundational, with additive blood pressure-lowering effects.
• Antihypertensive medication choices include thiazide diuretics, ACE inhibitors/ARBs, and calcium channel blockers.
• Treatment decisions are guided by blood pressure severity and atherosclerotic CVD risk.

Conclusions:

• Comprehensive management of hypertension requires integrating lifestyle interventions with appropriate pharmacotherapy.
• Addressing disparities in access to diagnosis and treatment is critical for controlling hypertension worldwide.
• Continued research and public health initiatives are necessary to combat the global burden of hypertension.