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Targeting Hypertension: A Review on Pathophysiological Factors and Treatment Strategies

Ruhani Raj1, Minakshi Garg1, Anupreet Kaur1

  • 1Department of Biotechnology, UIET, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.

Current Hypertension Reviews
|March 21, 2024
PubMed

Insights

Hypertension significantly increases cardiovascular disease risks. Effective management involves lifestyle changes and medication, crucial for reducing mortality, especially in underserved regions.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Public Health
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Hypertension is a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and mortality globally.
  • Prevalence is higher in low- and middle-income countries, posing a significant public health challenge.
  • While 2-5% of cases stem from renal or adrenal disorders, most are essential hypertension with complex pathophysiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the risks associated with hypertension, including CVD events like heart attack, heart failure, and stroke.
  • To detail current first-line management strategies for hypertension, emphasizing lifestyle modifications and pharmacotherapy.
  • To highlight the need for improved access to diagnosis, treatment, and interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on hypertension pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatment guidelines.
  • Analysis of the additive effects of lifestyle interventions on blood pressure reduction.
  • Evaluation of criteria for initiating antihypertensive medication based on blood pressure levels and CVD risk.

Main Results:

  • Lifestyle changes (diet, exercise, weight loss, reduced alcohol) are foundational, with additive blood pressure-lowering effects.
  • Antihypertensive medication choices include thiazide diuretics, ACE inhibitors/ARBs, and calcium channel blockers.
  • Treatment decisions are guided by blood pressure severity and atherosclerotic CVD risk.

Conclusions:

  • Comprehensive management of hypertension requires integrating lifestyle interventions with appropriate pharmacotherapy.
  • Addressing disparities in access to diagnosis and treatment is critical for controlling hypertension worldwide.
  • Continued research and public health initiatives are necessary to combat the global burden of hypertension.

Keywords:
Antihypertensive drugsRenin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS).combination therapyendocrine factorslifestyle modificationsmechanismspathophysiology

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