The Heel Complex: Anatomy, Imaging, Pathologic Conditions, and Treatment

Area of Science:

• Orthopedics
• Radiology
• Sports Medicine

Background:

• Heel pain diagnosis is broad, involving Achilles tendon, calcaneus, and plantar fascia abnormalities.
• Achilles tendon disorders range from degeneration (tendinosis) to inflammation (tendinitis) and tears.
• Plantar fasciitis is a common cause of heel pain due to overuse or mechanical factors.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a comprehensive overview of the differential diagnosis of heel pain.
• To outline current management strategies, including conservative and operative options.
• To detail specific conditions affecting the Achilles tendon, calcaneus, and plantar fascia.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of heel pain etiologies and treatments.
• Discussion of imaging modalities and image-guided procedures.
• Categorization of conditions based on anatomical structures involved.

Main Results:

• Achilles tendon issues include tendinosis, tendinitis, and tears, managed conservatively or surgically.
• Calcaneus fractures are common, with varied types including intra-articular and stress fractures.
• Haglund syndrome and plantar fasciitis represent distinct causes of heel pain with specific treatment pathways.

Conclusions:

• Accurate diagnosis of heel pain requires consideration of Achilles tendon, calcaneus, and plantar fascia pathology.
• Management strategies are tailored to the specific condition, ranging from physiotherapy to surgical repair.
• Understanding these differential diagnoses is crucial for effective patient care and treatment planning.