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Toward sub-second solution exchange dynamics in flow reactors for liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy.

Stefan Merkens1,2, Christopher Tollan3, Giuseppe De Salvo3,4

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A novel diffusion cell design enhances liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy (LP-TEM) by enabling rapid solution exchange and stable specimen imaging. This advancement accelerates nanoscale dynamics studies in liquid environments.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy (LP-TEM) is crucial for observing nanoscale dynamics in liquids.
  • Existing microfluidic flow cells face challenges with rapid mass transport and specimen fixation.
  • Controlling sample solution composition is vital for LP-TEM experiments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a new liquid cell concept, the diffusion cell, for LP-TEM.
  • To overcome limitations of conventional flow cells regarding mass transport and imaging.
  • To enable faster and more reliable nanoscale observations in liquid environments.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a diffusion cell with integrated on-chip bypasses.
  • Utilizing numerical mass transport models for prototype design.
  • Fabrication based on existing two-chip microfluidic setups.
  • Characterization of hydrodynamic parameters like flow resistance and mixing time constants.

Main Results:

  • Diffusion cells significantly improve hydrodynamic parameters by 2-3 orders of magnitude.
  • Achieved solution replacement dynamics within seconds, matching ex-situ mixing timescales.
  • Demonstrated enhanced convective transport around the nanochannel for predominant diffusive transport.
  • Prototypes show potential for further improvements in mixing efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • The diffusion cell concept effectively addresses challenges in LP-TEM sample handling.
  • This design facilitates integration into existing LP-TEM workflows.
  • Enables correlation of in-situ and ex-situ experimental results.
  • Opens new research avenues for studying fast nanoscale processes in liquids.