Genomic analysis of lumpy skin disease virus asian variants and evaluation of its cellular tropism

Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a poxvirus that mainly affects cattle and can lead to symptoms such as severe reduction in milk production as well as infertility and mortality, which has resulted in dramatic economic loss in affected countries in Africa, Europe, and Asia. In this study, we successfully isolated two strains of LSDV from different geographical regions in China. Comparative genomic analyses were performed by incorporating additional LSDV whole genome sequences reported in other areas of Asia. Our analyses revealed that LSDV exhibited an 'open' pan-genome. Phylogenetic analysis unveiled distinct branches of LSDV evolution, signifying the prevalence of multiple lineages of LSDV across various regions in Asia. In addition, a reporter LSDV expressing eGFP directed by a synthetic poxvirus promoter was generated and used to evaluate the cell tropism of LSDV in various mammalian and avian cell lines. Our results demonstrated that LSDV replicated efficiently in several mammalian cell lines, including human A549 cells. In conclusion, our results underscore the necessity for strengthening LSD outbreak control measures and continuous epidemiological surveillance.