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Updated: Oct 9, 2026
Author Spotlight: Exploring Venous Waveforms in Porcine Models to Tackle Volume Overload in Medicine
Published on: January 12, 2024
Pulmonary CT perfusion robustly measures cardiac output in the context of multilevel pulmonary occlusion: a porcine
Diogo Silva1, Thomas Muders2, Karin Wodack2
1Medical Information Technology (MedIT), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
Background:
To validate pulmonary computed tomography (CT) perfusion in a porcine model by invasive monitoring of cardiac output (CO) using thermodilution method.
Methods:
Animals were studied at a single center, using a Swan-Ganz catheter for invasive CO monitoring as a reference. Fifteen pigs were included. Contrast-enhanced CT perfusion of the descending aorta and right and left pulmonary artery was performed. For variation purposes, a balloon catheter was inserted to block the contralateral pulmonary vascular bed; additionally, two increased CO settings were created by intravenous administration of catecholamines. Finally, stepwise capillary occlusion was performed by intrapulmonary arterial injection of 75-μm microspheres in four stages. A semiautomatic selection of AFs and a recirculation-aware tracer-kinetics model to extract the first-pass of AFs, estimating blood flow with the Stewart-Hamilton method, was implemented. Linear mixed models (LMM) were developed to calibrate blood flow calculations accounting with individual- and cohort-level effects.
Results:
Nine of 15 pigs had complete datasets. Strong correlations were observed between calibrated pulmonary (0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.6-0.82) and aortic blood flow measurements (0.82, 95% CI, 0.73-0.88) and the reference as well as agreements (± 2.24 L/min and ± 1.86 L/min, respectively) comparable to the state of the art, on a relatively wide range of right ventricle-CO measurements.
Conclusions:
CT perfusion validly measures CO using LMMs at both individual and cohort levels, as demonstrated by referencing the invasive CO.
Relevance Statement:
Possible clinical applications of CT perfusion for measuring CO could be in acute pulmonary thromboembolism or to assess right ventricular function to show impairment or mismatch to the left ventricle.
Key Points:
• CT perfusion measures flow in vessels. • CT perfusion measures cumulative cardiac output in the aorta and pulmonary vessels. • CT perfusion validly measures CO using LMMs at both individual and cohort levels, as demonstrated by using the invasive CO as a reference standard.
