ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Status Testing in Humans: A Narrative Review of Commercially Available Options.

Area of Science:

• Nutritional Science
• Biochemistry
• Public Health

Background:

• Growing evidence links low omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) intake to various diseases.
• Most individuals do not meet recommended intake levels for fish/seafood or specific omega-3s like EPA and DHA.
• Accurate assessment of omega-3 LCPUFA status is vital for research interpretation and public health initiatives.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review methods for measuring omega-3 LCPUFA status, including dietary assessments and analytical tests.
• To discuss the health benefits associated with increased omega-3 LCPUFA intake and status.
• To support recommendations for increased omega-3 LCPUFA consumption and testing.

Main Methods:

• Evaluation of dietary intake survey methods as surrogates for tissue status.
• Discussion of analytical testing of biological samples (adipose tissue, blood components, breast milk) for accurate omega-3 LCPUFA evaluation.
• Review of commercially available laboratory tests and reporting formats for fatty acid analysis.

Main Results:

• Dietary surveys have limitations due to individual variations in digestion and absorption of omega-3 PUFA.
• Analytical testing of biological samples provides a more accurate measure of omega-3 LCPUFA status.
• Various commercial tests offer different profiles and indices for assessing omega-3 status.

Conclusions:

• Measuring omega-3 LCPUFA status through analytical testing is more reliable than dietary intake surveys alone.
• Increased omega-3 LCPUFA intake and status are associated with improved cardiovascular, neurological, pregnancy, and eye health.
• Promoting omega-3 LCPUFA testing alongside increased intake is recommended for better health outcomes.