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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
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Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

Fractures: Bone Repair

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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2025

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Bone loss in shoulder instability: putting it all together.

Laura E Keeling1, Nyaluma Wagala1, Patrick M Ryan2

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UPMC Freddie Fu Sports Medicine Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

Annals of Joint
|March 26, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Glenohumeral bone loss in shoulder instability requires advanced imaging to assess severity and location. Treatment varies based on bone loss extent and patient factors, with ongoing research needed for optimal management.

Keywords:
Hill-SachsShoulder instabilitybone lossglenohumeral bone lossglenoid bone loss

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Glenohumeral bone loss is a significant factor in recurrent shoulder instability, increasing the risk of treatment failure.
  • Accurate assessment of bone loss, including glenoid track (GT) and humeral defects, is crucial for managing both anterior and posterior instability.
  • Current treatment algorithms lack definitive thresholds for posterior instability and long-term comparative data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evaluation and management of glenohumeral bone loss in recurrent shoulder instability.
  • To discuss treatment strategies for anterior and posterior bone loss, including bony augmentation and soft tissue procedures.
  • To highlight the need for further research into optimal treatment protocols.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical presentation, physical examination, and advanced imaging (CT/MRI) for diagnosing bone loss.
  • Analysis of treatment options based on the magnitude and location of glenoid and humeral bone defects.
  • Discussion of patient-specific risk factors influencing management decisions.

Main Results:

  • Subcritical anterior bone loss may be managed with labral repair or capsular plication; severe loss requires bony augmentation.
  • Humeral lesions are addressed based on engagement with the glenoid rim, potentially via soft tissue or bony procedures.
  • Management thresholds for posterior instability are less defined than for anterior instability.

Conclusions:

  • Comprehensive evaluation including imaging is essential for guiding treatment of glenohumeral bone loss in shoulder instability.
  • Treatment selection must consider the degree of bone loss, defect location, and patient-specific factors.
  • Further high-quality studies are needed to refine treatment algorithms for anterior, posterior, and bipolar glenohumeral bone loss.