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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition characterized by recurrent obsessions, compulsions, or both, which consume significant time and interfere with daily functioning. Obsessions involve persistent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts, images, or urges that evoke anxiety. Common examples include irrational fears of contamination or harm. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce the anxiety caused by obsessions. For instance, individuals...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2025

Real-time fMRI Biofeedback Targeting the Orbitofrontal Cortex for Contamination Anxiety
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Externally orienting cues improve cognitive control in OCD.

Lora Bednarek1, Stephanie Glover2, Xiao Ma1

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
|March 26, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) show improved performance on cognitive tasks when given a warning cue. This benefit, particularly for contamination symptoms, suggests attentional modulation can aid executive functioning in OCD.

Keywords:
Executive functioningExecutive overload modelExposure and response prevention (ERP) therapiesObsessive-compulsive disorderRevised attention network test

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is theorized to involve executive system overload by obsessive thoughts.
  • This model suggests improved neurocognitive task performance if individuals with OCD disengage from obsessions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test if a warning cue improves cognitive task performance in individuals with OCD.
  • To examine the effect of OCD on alerting benefits and conflict cost reductions in attentional tasks.
  • To investigate the association between OCD symptom severity and these cognitive modulations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the revised Attention Network Test (ANT-R), including Simon and Flanker tasks, with unmedicated individuals with OCD and healthy controls (HC).
  • Assessed alerting benefits (faster responses due to warning cues) and cue-related reductions in conflict costs (improved resolution of incongruent trials).
  • Examined associations between cognitive measures and OCD symptom severity using self-report data.

Main Results:

  • A warning cue significantly improved performance on Simon and Flanker tasks for individuals with OCD compared to HC.
  • This cueing effect was positively correlated with the severity of contamination symptoms in OCD.

Conclusions:

  • Attentional tasks, specifically the use of warning cues, can modulate conflict resolution difficulties in decision-making for individuals with OCD.
  • Findings support the potential for interventions targeting attentional processes to aid executive functioning in OCD.