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Analysis of risk factor for pneumonia in children less than five years in Makassar
Evalina Sidabutar1, Ansariadi2, Wahiduddin2
1Master Program in Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.
Insights
Incomplete DPT-HB-Hib immunization and malnutrition are key risk factors for childhood pneumonia in Makassar. Ensuring full vaccination and adequate nutrition can significantly reduce pneumonia incidence in children under five.
Area of Science:
- Pediatrics
- Public Health
- Epidemiology
Background:
- Pneumonia is a leading cause of mortality in children under five globally and in Makassar City.
- Identifying risk factors is crucial for developing targeted prevention strategies.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the risk factors associated with pneumonia in children under five years old in Makassar City.
Main Methods:
- A case-control study involving 210 children (70 cases, 140 controls).
- Data collected on immunization status, nutritional status, birth weight, vitamin A intake, and parental socioeconomic factors.
- Statistical analysis using Chi-square and logistic regression with Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI).
Main Results:
- Incomplete diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus-hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae type B (DPT-HB-Hib) immunization at 2, 3, and 4 months was significantly associated with pneumonia (AOR = 9.680, P = 0.001).
- Malnutrition (weight for age) was also a significant risk factor (AOR = 5.486, P < 0.005).
- Incomplete measles-rubella immunization, low birth weight, lack of vitamin A, parental education, and household smoking were not significantly associated with pneumonia.
Conclusions:
- Incomplete DPT-HB-Hib vaccination and malnutrition are the primary risk factors for pneumonia in children under five in Makassar.
- These findings highlight the importance of complete immunization schedules and nutritional support for pneumonia prevention.
Background:
Pneumonia is one of the main causes of mortality in children less than five years worldwide and in Makassar City. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors for pneumonia in children less than five years in Makassar City.
Materials And Methods:
A case-control study design was used in this research. A total of 210 children with consent from the parents were included in this study, which consisted of 70 children's cases, and the data of the control group were taken by the random sampling method. All related data such as immunization record, nutritional status, birth body weight, vitamin A intake in the last six-month record, and parents' education, occupation, and monthly income were registered as independent and control variables. Data analysis was performed by the Chi-square and logistic regression model with a P value of 0.005 and odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI).
Results:
Incomplete diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus-hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae type B (DPT-HB-Hib) immunization at the age of 2 months, 3 months, and 4 months, which had adjusted OR (AOR = 9,680; P = 0,001) and malnutrition condition (weight for age) (AOR = 5,486; P < 0,005), were associated with the incidence of pneumonia in children less than five years, whereas incomplete measles-rubella (P = 0,770), low birth weight history (P = 0,403), lack of vitamin A intake (P = 0,720), parents' education (P = 0,163), and presence of smoker inside the household (P =) were not associated with the incidence of pneumonia in children less than five years (P > 0.005) in Makassar City.
Conclusions:
Incomplete DPT-HB-Hib immunization for three doses at the age of 2 months, 3 months, and 4 months and malnutrition were associated with pneumonia and the highest risk factors for developing pneumonia in children less than five years in Makassar City, Indonesia.
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