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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area01:23

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Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are...
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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
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Medications can be administered through the enteral route using liquids, capsules, or tablets.
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Algae-Based Nanoparticles for Oral Drug Delivery Systems.

Eliyahu Drori1, Dhaval Patel1, Sarah Coopersmith1

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Ariel University, Kiryat Hamada 3, Ariel 4070000, Israel.

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|March 27, 2024
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Summary

Edible algae can be transformed into nanoparticles (NPs) for oral drug delivery. Spirulina-derived NPs show strong mucoadhesion and enhance cellular uptake, proving their potential as effective drug delivery vehicles.

Keywords:
algaebioadhesionbiomimicrycellular uptakemucoadhesionnanoparticlesoral drug delivery

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Oral drug delivery is preferred but faces challenges like low absorption and toxicity.
  • Mucoadhesive vectors can enhance drug residence time and systemic uptake in the gastrointestinal tract.
  • Algal materials offer a sustainable and biocompatible source for developing novel drug delivery systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To produce and characterize biomimetic nanoparticles (aNPs) from edible algae for oral drug delivery.
  • To evaluate the mucoadhesive properties and cellular uptake of these aNPs.
  • To establish a proof of concept for algal nanoparticles as oral drug delivery vehicles.

Main Methods:

  • 14 types of edible algae were used to create algal nanoparticles (aNPs).
  • aNPs were characterized for size, surface charge, morphology, encapsulation efficiency, and mucoadhesion.
  • Mucoadhesion was tested ex vivo on intestinal models from mice, pigs, and sheep.
  • Cellular uptake was assessed using Caco-2 cells.

Main Results:

  • aNPs displayed spherical morphology, with sizes ranging from 126-606 nm and surface charges from -9 to -38 mV.
  • Significant variations in mucoadhesive forces were observed across different algae and animal models.
  • Arthospira platensis (Spirulina) derived NPs showed the highest mucoadhesion (up to 3127 ± 272 µN/mm²).
  • A positive correlation was found between high mucoadhesive force and enhanced cellular uptake into Caco-2 cells.

Conclusions:

  • Algal nanoparticles (aNPs) demonstrate potential as effective oral drug delivery systems.
  • Spirulina-derived nanoparticles exhibit superior mucoadhesive properties and promote cellular uptake.
  • These findings support the use of aNPs for improving drug absorption in the human intestinal epithelium.