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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury
Published on: August 5, 2014
Pathophysiology-Based Management of Secondary Injuries and Insults in TBI
Leonardo de Macedo Filho1, Luisa F Figueredo2, Gustavo Adolfo Villegas-Gomez3
1Neurosurgery Department, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
Abstract:
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among all ages; despite the advances, understanding pathophysiological responses after TBI is still complex, involving multiple mechanisms. Previous reviews have focused on potential targets; however, the research on potential targets has continuously grown in the last five years, bringing even more alternatives and elucidating previous mechanisms. Knowing the key and updated pathophysiology concepts is vital for adequate management and better outcomes. This article reviews the underlying molecular mechanisms, the latest updates, and future directions for pathophysiology-based TBI management.
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