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Related Concept Videos

Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2025

In Vitro Transcribed RNA-based Luciferase Reporter Assay to Study Translation Regulation in Poxvirus-infected Cells
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Host-like RNA Elements Regulate Virus Translation.

Debjit Khan1, Paul L Fox1

  • 1Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.

Viruses
|March 28, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Viruses hijack host translation machinery, using unique RNA elements like internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) for protein synthesis. Targeting these viral elements offers a strategy to inhibit virus replication and pathogenicity.

Keywords:
RNA elementSARS-CoV-2internal ribosome entry sitestranslation controluntranslated regionupstream open reading framesvirusvirus-host interaction

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites relying on host cell machinery for replication.
  • Viral RNA translation is a key target for regulatory mechanisms, often involving RNA termini (5' and 3' UTRs).
  • Eukaryotic translation typically uses 5' cap-dependent scanning, while many viruses employ internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore viral strategies for hijacking host translation control mechanisms.
  • To investigate the role of specific RNA elements in viral propagation and regulation.
  • To identify potential therapeutic targets within viral translation control elements.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of viral RNA structures and their interaction with host translation factors.
  • Investigating the function of internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) and upstream open reading frames (uORFs).
  • Studying SARS-CoV-2's exploitation of host translation control, including mimicry of human GAIT elements and co-option of host factors.

Main Results:

  • Viruses utilize diverse strategies, including IRESs and out-of-frame overlapping uORFs (oORFs), to control translation.
  • SARS-CoV-2 mimics host regulatory elements and utilizes host aminoacyl tRNA synthetases for enhanced translation.
  • Viral RNA elements can form post-transcriptional regulons, enabling coordinated control of multiple viral RNAs.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding viral translation control elements and their interactions with host factors is crucial for developing antiviral therapies.
  • Targeting viral RNA elements, such as those in SARS-CoV-2, can suppress the expression of both genomic and subgenomic RNAs.
  • Elucidation of these mechanisms offers novel therapeutic avenues to reduce virus replication and pathogenicity.