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Related Concept Videos

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of  2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...
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Intracellular bacteria and viruses often comprise a group of highly infectious pathogens that can cause several diseases. Bacterial pathogens include those belonging to the genus Rickettsia responsible for conditions such as rocky mountain spotted fever and the Mediterranean spotted fever; Chlamydia, a genus responsible for a sexually transmitted disease; Coxiella burnetii, an agent responsible for Q fever. Viral pathogens include vaccinia—a poxvirus, and herpes simplex virus—a...
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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2025

Temporal Analysis of the Nuclear-to-cytoplasmic Translocation of a Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Protein by Immunofluorescent Confocal Microscopy
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A New Inovirus from the Human Blood Encodes Proteins with Nuclear Subcellular Localization.

Nikolay Popgeorgiev1,2, Mart Krupovic3, Julien Hiblot4

  • 1Université de Lyon, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, U1052 INSERM, UMR CNRS 5286, Université Lyon I, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laennec, 69008 Lyon, France.

Viruses
|March 28, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel bacteriophage, Ralstonia Inoviridae Phage 1 (RIP1), was identified in human blood, persisting independently of bacterial infection. Its proteins were found to enter the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, suggesting a potential role in eukaryotic evolution.

Keywords:
inovirusesmetagenomicsnuclear localization

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Microbiology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Bacteriophages are abundant in the human body, influencing bacterial communities and virulence gene spread.
  • Viruses infecting bacteria play a significant role in microbial ecology and host-pathogen interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize novel bacteriophages in human blood.
  • To investigate the presence and potential function of bacteriophages in human serum.
  • To explore the subcellular localization of phage-encoded proteins in eukaryotic cells.

Main Methods:

  • Metagenomic analysis of human blood serum.
  • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for viral genome detection.
  • Expression of phage-encoded proteins in eukaryotic cells to determine nuclear localization.

Main Results:

  • Identification of a new filamentous single-stranded DNA phage, Ralstonia Inoviridae Phage 1 (RIP1), in human blood serum.
  • Detection of the RIP1 genome in blood serum without evidence of bacterial infection or contamination.
  • Experimental confirmation that RIP1 replication initiation protein and serine integrase possess functional nuclear localization signals and translocate into the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

Conclusions:

  • Ralstonia Inoviridae Phage 1 (RIP1) can persist in human blood serum independently of bacterial infection.
  • RIP1-encoded proteins can enter the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, indicating potential interactions with host cell machinery.
  • These findings suggest that bacteriophages may have an underappreciated impact on the evolution of eukaryotic cells.