In vitro assays to evaluate CAR-T cell cytotoxicity

This chapter introduces four commonly used in vitro chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell cytotoxicity assays (lactate dehydrogenase release assay, ⁵¹Cr release assay, IncuCyte live cell killing assay, and xCELLigence real-time analysis) and provides a detailed protocol for xCELLigence real-time analysis. Focusing on in vitro assays, this chapter starts with explaining the mechanisms and discussing the utilization of each assay to quantify T-cell-induced cytotoxicity. Due to the high-throughput quantification and straightforward workflow of xCELLigence real-time analysis, a protocol entailing reagents and equipment, a 3-day step-by-step procedure, and instructions for data analysis are provided.