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Related Concept Videos

Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation01:25

Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation

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Auscultation, an essential part of a heart examination, is done using a stethoscope. It provides crucial information about heart function and possible heart problems. Due to heart problems, abnormal sounds can be heard during systole or diastole. These sounds include S3 and S4 gallops, opening snaps, systolic clicks, and murmurs.
Abnormal Heart Sounds
Gallops:
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Heart Valves01:16

Heart Valves

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The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves function with the assistance of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendineae are slack, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2025

Cox-Maze IV Procedure Concomitant with Valvular Surgery In Situs Inversus Dextrocardia: A Single-Center Experience in China
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Mitral Annular Disjunction: An Under-Recognized Entity in Pediatrics.

Fahad A Alfares1,2, Jae Ho Sohn3, Yoo Jin Lee3

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.

JACC. Case Reports
|March 29, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Mitral annular disjunction (MAD), a rare heart condition, can affect children. This study presents two pediatric cases, highlighting key signs for early suspicion and diagnosis of this under-recognized entity.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Cardiology
  • Cardiac Anatomy
  • Echocardiography

Background:

  • Mitral annular disjunction (MAD) is a rare condition.
  • It is frequently under-recognized in pediatric patients.
Keywords:
mitral annular disjunctionmitral valve prolapsepediatricssudden cardiac arrestventricular arrhythmia

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  • MAD involves abnormal separation of the mitral annulus from the left ventricular wall.