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SNAREs and Membrane Fusion01:43

SNAREs and Membrane Fusion

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Once a transport vesicle has recognized its target organelle, the vesicular membrane needs to fuse with the target membrane to unload the cargo. Transmembrane proteins called SNAREs present on organelle membranes and their vesicles, mediate vesicle fusion.
SNAREs exist in pairs that symmetrically interact and catalyze the fusion of the lipid bilayers in vesicle and target organelle. v-SNARE in the vesicle membrane are single polypeptide chains that bind to a complementary t-SNARE, composed of 2...
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Binary Fission01:20

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Fission is the division of a single entity into two or more parts, which regenerate into separate entities that resemble the original. Organisms in the Archaea and Bacteria domains reproduce using binary fission, in which a parent cell splits into two parts that can each grow to the size of the original parent cell. This asexual method of reproduction produces cells that are all genetically identical.
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Cell division and enlargement are processes that require precise control. The control ensures that cell division cannot proceed unless the cell has grown to a specific size. A spherical, dividing cell requires an approximately 1.6X increase in its surface area to double its volume. The secretory pathway also has a significant role in cell membrane enlargement. Secretory vesicles that bud off from the Golgi apparatus and later fuse with the plasma membrane during exocytosis are a major source of...
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Mechanisms of Membrane Domain Formation00:59

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Different physical properties of lipids and proteins allow them to localize and form distinct islands or domains in the membrane. Some membrane domains are formed due to protein-protein interactions, whereas others are formed due to the presence of specific lipids such as sphingolipids and sterols—for example, large proteins, such as bacteriorhodopsin, aggregate and create distinct domains.
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The living membranes are flexible due to their fluid mosaic nature; however, their bending into different shapes is an active process regulated by specific lipids and proteins. The membrane bending can be transient as seen in vesicles or stable for a long time as in microvilli. Cells regulate the size, location, and duration of the membrane curvature.
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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
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Membrane fission via transmembrane contact.

Russell K W Spencer1, Isaac Santos-Pérez2, Izaro Rodríguez-Renovales3,4

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Organelle division often involves membrane wrapping, crucial for cellular organization.
  • The mechanical impact of this extra membrane layer on division remains poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanical effects of membrane wrapping on the division of double-membrane systems.
  • To explore novel fission pathways induced by outer membrane wrapping.

Main Methods:

  • Combined fluorescence microscopy and cryo-electron microscopy.
  • Employed self-consistent field theory for theoretical analysis.
  • Studied a simplified double-membrane tubular system.

Main Results:

  • The outer membrane facilitates inner-tube fission via transient hemi-fusion.
  • Identified alternative fission pathways with complex topologies.
  • Characterized both leaky and leakless intermediates in the division process.

Conclusions:

  • Membrane wrapping introduces stress-induced instabilities that alter division mechanics.
  • The hemi-fusion pathway offers a new model for understanding organelle division.
  • Theoretical and experimental findings predict key physiological events in double-membrane fission.