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Molecular and Ionic Solids

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...

Network Covalent Solids

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...

Band Theory

Band Theory

When two or more atoms come together to form a molecule, their atomic orbitals combine and molecular orbitals of distinct energies result. In a solid, there are a large number of atoms, and therefore a large number of atomic orbitals that may be combined into molecular orbitals. These groups of molecular orbitals are so closely placed together to form continuous regions of energies, known as the bands.
The energy difference between these bands is known as the band gap.
Conductor, Semiconductor,...

Semiconductors

Semiconductors

There is variation in the electrical conductivity of materials - metals, semiconductors, and insulators that are showcased with the help of the energy band diagrams.
Metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), or lead (Pb) have low resistivity and feature conduction bands that are either not fully occupied or overlap with the valence band, making a bandgap non-existent. This allows electrons in the highest energy levels of the valence band to easily transition to the conduction band upon gaining...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2025

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

Published on: August 12, 2013

A Solid-Liquid Bicontinuous Fiber with Strain-Insensitive Ionic Conduction.

Huating Ye¹, Baohu Wu², Shengtong Sun¹

¹State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|April 2, 2024

Summary

Researchers developed strain-insensitive ionic conductors for iontronic devices. A novel bicontinuous fiber design maintains stable ionic conduction even under significant stretching, enabling high-fidelity signal transmission.

Keywords:

anti‐fatigue ionic conductors phase separation strain‐insensitive stretchable fibers

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Last Updated: Jun 29, 2025

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

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Published on: August 12, 2013

High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal

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Published on: October 31, 2019

Microfluidic Fabrication of Polymeric and Biohybrid Fibers with Predesigned Size and Shape

Microfluidic Fabrication of Polymeric and Biohybrid Fibers with Predesigned Size and Shape

Published on: January 8, 2014

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Polymer Science

Background:

Stretchable ionic conductors are essential for advanced iontronic devices operating under deformation.
Existing ionic conductors face challenges in maintaining stable ionic conduction under strain, limiting signal fidelity.

Purpose of the Study:

To achieve strain-insensitive ionic conduction in stretchable materials.
To develop durable ionic conductors for high-fidelity signal transmission in iontronic devices.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a bicontinuous fiber using polymerization-induced phase separation.
Creation of a solid-liquid microstructure with interpenetrating elastomer and ion-conducting phases.
Utilizing spontaneous salt partitioning to form self-wrinkled interfaces and tortuous ionic channels.

Main Results:

The bicontinuous fiber exhibits strain-insensitive ionic conduction.
Ionic channels straighten upon stretching, enhancing conductivity to counteract strain.
The material maintained stable ionic conduction with only a 7% resistance increase at 200% strain.

Conclusions:

A solid-liquid bicontinuous microstructure enables strain-insensitive ionic conduction.
This approach offers a promising method for designing durable ionic cables for signal transmission with minimal distortion.