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Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism01:19

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Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis to enter into the Krebs cycle and eventually lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
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Carbohydrates are predominantly obtained from plant sources. With the exception of lactose found in milk and insignificant glycogen amounts in meat, most consumed carbohydrates have plant origins. Monosaccharides and disaccharides, or sugars, can be sourced from fruits, honey, milk, sugar cane, and sugar beets. Grains and vegetables are rich in the polysaccharide starch. Two types of polysaccharides provide fiber: cellulose, which is abundant in many vegetables, forms undigestible roughage or...
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Carbohydrates are essential macronutrients that serve as the body's primary energy source. Their digestion begins in the mouth, where salivary amylase partially breaks down complex carbohydrates such as starch into smaller oligosaccharides. This mechanical and enzymatic activity prepares carbohydrates for further processing in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Carbohydrate restriction during lactation: A systematic review.

Ana Laura Benevenuto de Amorim1, Ester Ferreira Rodrigues2, Elizandra Lopes Sussi2

  • 1Nutrition Department, Santos Metropolitan University, Santos, SP, Brazil; Children's Institute of Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.

Nutrition Research (New York, N.Y.)
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Carbohydrate restriction during lactation may harm mothers, potentially causing lactational ketoacidosis. Infant feeding patterns may change, but severe outcomes are not reported. Nutritional education is crucial for breastfeeding women.

Keywords:
Breast feedingCarbohydrateKetogenic diet therapyLactationRestriction diet

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Area of Science:

  • Dietary science
  • Maternal health
  • Infant nutrition

Background:

  • Maternal diet quality is vital for infant development and maternal well-being.
  • Systematic review assessing outcomes of carbohydrate-restricted diets during lactation.

Approach:

  • Searched PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and LILACS (2012-2023).
  • Included 16 case reports/series on ketogenic, low-carb, and low-carbohydrate high-fat diets.
  • Analyzed maternal and infant outcomes.

Key Points:

  • Most women used these diets for weight loss, with few therapeutic indications.
  • Lactating women reported adverse symptoms like vomiting, nausea, and fatigue.
  • No significant adverse infant outcomes were documented, though feeding patterns changed.

Conclusions:

  • Carbohydrate restriction during lactation poses risks to maternal health, including lactational ketoacidosis.
  • While infant outcomes appear less severe, nutritional education is essential for breastfeeding mothers.
  • Increased cases suggest a trend driven by body dissatisfaction post-partum.