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Related Concept Videos

Bone Structure01:55

Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Gross Anatomy of Bone01:17

Gross Anatomy of Bone

The two main features of a long bone are the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone made of numerous osteons — the functional unit of the compact bone. The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which harbors the bone marrow. In infants and children, this marrow cavity is filled with red marrow, whereas in adults, it...
Bone Remodeling and Repair01:31

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Introduction to the Skeletal System01:20

Introduction to the Skeletal System

The skeletal system is the central framework of the body, consisting of different connective tissues: bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
Components of the Skeletal System
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a hard connective tissue that forms an internal support structure for the human body. Bones shield vulnerable organs and soft tissue from external forces. For example, the vertebral bones protect and support the spinal cord.
Cartilage, a semi-rigid connective tissue found in regions such as...
Spongy Bone01:09

Spongy Bone

All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Emergency Undocking in Robotic Surgery: A Simulation Curriculum
06:48

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A Curricular Model for Simulation Within Orthopaedic Residency Training.

Bryan Schreiner1, Robert Unger1, Andrea S Herzka1

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.

JB & JS Open Access
|April 4, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a cost-effective orthopaedic surgery simulation model for all resident levels, utilizing cadaveric specimens and industry partnerships to enhance surgical training and meet accreditation requirements.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Surgical Simulation
  • Orthopaedic Surgery Training

Background:

  • Residency Review Committee training requirements necessitate simulation education.
  • Current guidelines focus on interns, potentially increasing program costs and time.
  • Need for adaptable, cost-effective simulation models for all resident levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a simulation model maximizing utility for all resident levels.
  • To manage costs by optimizing cadaveric material use.
  • To integrate varied industry support for unbiased training.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a high-fidelity training curriculum at Oregon Health & Science University.
  • Ensured applicability for both junior and senior residents.
  • Minimized cost per resident through cadaveric specimen reuse.
  • Fostered industry partnerships with major representatives.

Main Results:

  • Curriculum is applicable to junior and senior residents.
  • Cost per resident minimized via cadaveric specimen reuse.
  • Industry partnerships established to reduce training bias.

Conclusions:

  • The developed simulation curriculum can serve as a reference model.
  • Institutions can adapt this model for their residency programs.
  • Enhances orthopaedic surgery residency education through simulation.