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Virtual or In-Person? A Census of Orthopaedic Surgery Residency Interview Formats for Match 2025.

Darin Friess¹, Eden N VanderHoek², Ruth Carver Bondurant²

¹Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.

JB & JS Open Access

|March 23, 2026

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This summary is machine-generated.

Orthopaedic surgery residency programs largely returned to in-person interviews for the 2024-2025 season, with virtual formats favored by smaller programs. State and program size influenced interview format choices.

Area of Science:

Medical Education
Surgical Training
Residency Programs

Background:

Traditionally, orthopaedic surgery residency interviews were in-person.
The COVID-19 pandemic shifted interviews to virtual formats in 2020.
Recommendations for virtual interviews persist, but program autonomy in format selection has increased.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the interview formats chosen by orthopaedic surgery residency programs for the 2024-2025 cycle.
To analyze factors influencing program decisions on interview formats.

Main Methods:

Data collected from 182 of 198 (92%) U.S. orthopaedic surgery residency programs.
Interview formats (virtual, hybrid, in-person) were identified through program websites and direct contact.

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Program location (state, region) and class size were recorded.

Main Results:

70% of programs opted for in-person interviews, 25% virtual, and 4% hybrid.
Significant variability in interview format choices was observed across states (p = 0.03).
Smaller programs (<4 residents) were more likely to conduct virtual interviews (38%) compared to medium (13%) or large (0%) programs (p = 0.002).

Conclusions:

Orthopaedic surgery residency programs predominantly favored in-person interviews for the 2024-2025 season.
Program state and class size were significant factors in determining interview format.
Regional variations in interview format were not statistically significant.