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Biomedical applications, perspectives and tag design concepts in the cell - silent Raman window.

Martha Z Vardaki1, Vasilis G Gregoriou1,2, Christos L Chochos1,2

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Cell-silent Raman tags, which signal in a cell-free spectral region, enhance bioimaging. These tags, featuring triple bonds or C-D bonds, improve signal-to-noise for biomolecule detection and live cell imaging.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Spectroscopy
  • Chemical Biology
  • Bioimaging

Background:

  • Raman spectroscopy is crucial for biological sample analysis.
  • Biological samples exhibit inherent Raman bands, complicating analysis.
  • The cell-silent Raman region (1800-2800 cm⁻¹) offers a background-free spectral window.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the potential of cell-silent Raman tags for biomedical applications.
  • To highlight tags utilizing the cell-silent spectral region.
  • To discuss applications in bioorthogonal imaging and analyte detection.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing Raman tags with functional groups like triple bonds (alkyne, nitrile) or carbon-deuterium (C-D) bonds.
  • Leveraging the distinct vibrational frequencies of these tags in the cell-silent region.
  • Employing variants of Raman spectroscopy for enhanced measurements.

Main Results:

  • Cell-silent Raman tags overcome poor signal-to-noise ratios and overlapping bands.
  • These tags enable bioorthogonal imaging of biomolecules with improved chemical contrast.
  • Successful applications include analyte detection, biomarker profiling, and live cell imaging.

Conclusions:

  • The cell-silent Raman region provides a powerful spectral window for enhanced bioimaging.
  • Raman tags with specific functional groups are key to exploiting this region.
  • These tags significantly advance capabilities in molecular detection and cellular visualization.