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Related Concept Videos

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The most common application of magnetic force on current-carrying wires is in electric motors. These consist of loops of wire, which are placed between the magnets with a magnetic field. When current flows through the loops, the magnetic field applies torque, which causes the shaft to rotate, thus converting electrical energy to mechanical energy.
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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of...
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Magnetic tunnel junction random number generators applied to dynamically tuned probability trees driven by spin orbit

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Perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction (pMTJ) true random number generators offer significant energy savings. These devices can sample numbers from various probability distributions, outperforming CMOS and memristor RNGs in speed and energy efficiency.

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Area of Science:

  • Spintronics
  • Random Number Generation

Background:

  • Conventional CMOS pseudo-random number generators (RNGs) are energy-intensive.
  • Perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions (pMTJs) offer a low-power alternative for RNGs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To numerically investigate pMTJs driven by spin-orbit torque for generating random numbers from arbitrary probability distributions.
  • To assess the impact of device-to-device variations on RNG performance.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a macrospin Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation solver.
  • Employed a tunable probability tree to bias pMTJ relaxation events ('coinflips') using spin-transfer-torque.
  • Simulated single ideal pMTJ and varied pMTJ thermal stability based on manufactured data.

Main Results:

  • Successfully generated integer samples from an exponential distribution using a single pMTJ.
  • Found that device variations average out when using a 'bucket' of devices, enabling agnostic random number generation.
  • Demonstrated accurate Monte Carlo computations for particle transport using uniformly and exponentially distributed numbers.
  • pMTJ RNGs showed faster bit generation and significantly lower energy consumption compared to CMOS and memristor RNGs.

Conclusions:

  • pMTJ-based RNGs are a highly energy-efficient and fast alternative to existing technologies.
  • The proposed probability tree method effectively samples from arbitrary distributions, even with device variations.
  • Device variations have a manageable impact, especially when aggregated across multiple devices.