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Bioelectric stimulation controls tissue shape and size.

Gawoon Shim1, Isaac B Breinyn2, Alejandro Martínez-Calvo3,4

  • 1Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, 08540, NJ, USA.

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External electrical stimulation controls living tissues by causing "electro-inflation," a process where tissues inflate due to ion and water transport. This electrical cue regulates tissue size and shape.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Epithelial tissues are crucial for organ function, regulating transport via electro-mechanical processes.
  • Understanding how external electrical fields influence tissue behavior is essential for regenerative medicine.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of external electrical stimulation on hollow 3D organoids.
  • To explore the mechanism of electrical control over tissue size and shape.

Main Methods:

  • Electrical stimulation of kidney and gut organoids with physiological-strength fields (5-10 V/cm).
  • Analysis of ion flux, osmotic water transport, and hydrostatic pressure generation.
  • Computational modeling to understand ion dynamics and field effects.

Main Results:

  • Physiological electrical stimulation induced powerful inflation of hollow tissues, termed 'electro-inflation'.
  • Electro-inflation is driven by increased ion flux and osmotic water movement.
  • Electrical stimulation also induced symmetry breaking and altered tissue shape via electrotaxis.

Conclusions:

  • External electrical stimulation offers a novel method to control tissue size and shape.
  • The electrical micro-environment plays a critical role in regulating living tissues.
  • Electro-inflation presents a new paradigm for bioelectronic control of organoids.