Efficient extraction of lignin from moso bamboo by microwave-assisted ternary deep eutectic solvent pretreatment for...

Applications of deep eutectic solvent (DES) systems to separate lignocellulosic components are of interest to develop environmentally friendly processes and achieve efficient utilization of biomass. To enhance the performance of a binary neutral DES (glycerol:guanidine hydrochloride), various Lewis acids (e.g., AlCl₃·6H₂O, FeCl₃·6H₂O, etc.) were introduced to synthesize a series of ternary DES systems; these were coupled with microwave heating and applied to moso bamboo. Among the ternary DES systems evaluated, the FeCl₃-based DES effectively removed lignin (81.17%) and xylan (85.42%), significantly improving enzymatic digestibility of the residual glucan and xylan (90.15% and 99.51%, respectively). Furthermore, 50.74% of the lignin, with high purity and a well-preserved structure, was recovered. A recyclability experiment showed that the pretreatment performance of the FeCl₃-based DES was still basically maintained after five cycles. Overall, the microwave-assisted ternary DES pretreatment approach proposed in this study appears to be a promising option for sustainable biorefinery operations.