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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
03:55

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

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Preference Phenotypes in Thyroid Nodule Management: A Patient Segmentation Approach.

Matthew R Naunheim1,2, Isaac Wasserman1,2, Manuela R von Sneidern1,2

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery : Official Journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
|April 9, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Patient preferences for thyroid nodule management are crucial. Cancer risk and medication needs significantly influence decisions, with distinct patient groups identified for personalized care.

Keywords:
otolaryngologypreference assessmentstated preferencesurveys and questionnairesthyroidthyroid nodulesthyroid surgery

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Health Services Research
  • Decision Science

Background:

  • Patient preferences for thyroid nodule management are not well understood.
  • Understanding these preferences is key for shared decision-making in thyroid disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore patient risk tradeoffs in thyroid nodule management using a discrete choice experiment (DCE).
  • To segment patients into distinct preference phenotypes for tailored treatment approaches.

Main Methods:

  • A discrete choice experiment (DCE) was designed with attributes including cancer risk, voice concerns, scar, medication, and follow-up.
  • The DCE was administered to 1026 participants (480 with thyroid disease) along with demographic and risk tolerance questions.
  • Multinomial logit modeling and latent class analysis (LCA) were used for data analysis and preference phenotyping.

Main Results:

  • Cancer risk (47.8%) and medication management (20.0%) were the most significant factors influencing patient decisions.
  • Latent class analysis identified three distinct preference phenotypes: cancer risk-focused (64.2%), medication-averse (18.2%), and balanced (17.7%).
  • Risk aversion correlated with older age, female gender, and lower education levels.

Conclusions:

  • Patient decisions regarding thyroid nodules are heavily influenced by cancer risk and post-surgery medication requirements.
  • The study identified distinct patient preference phenotypes, highlighting the necessity of individualized assessments for thyroid disorder treatment.