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Related Concept Videos

Vaporization01:18

Vaporization

The physical form of a substance changes by changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. For vaporization to occur, kinetic energy must be greater than the intermolecular forces that keep molecules bonded. The amount of energy needed to vaporize a quantity of liquid at a given pressure and a constant temperature is called the heat of vaporization. When...

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Planar and Three-Dimensional Printing of Conductive Inks
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Vapor-induced phase-separation-enabled versatile direct ink writing.

Marc Sole-Gras1, Bing Ren1, Benjamin J Ryder2

  • 1Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.

Nature Communications
|April 9, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel vapor-induced phase separation 3D printing (VIPS-3DP) method enables room-condition printing of polymers, metals, and composites. This economic and eco-friendly approach allows for intricate structures and tunable porosity in printed materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Additive Manufacturing
  • Polymer Science

Background:

  • Developing simple, economical, and versatile methods for 3D printing diverse materials like polymers, metals, and composites remains a significant challenge.
  • Existing 3D printing techniques often require elevated temperatures or specialized environments, limiting their applicability and increasing costs.
  • The need for sustainable manufacturing processes with reduced environmental impact is increasingly critical.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel three-dimensional (3D) printing approach, termed vapor-induced phase separation 3D printing (VIPS-3DP), for fabricating polymeric, metallic, and composite materials.
  • To demonstrate the capability of VIPS-3DP to operate at room conditions, offering a simpler and more economical alternative to conventional methods.
  • To showcase the potential for creating intricate structures, spatially tunable porous architectures, and functionally graded materials using this new printing technology.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a polymer-based ink dissolved in a low-volatility solvent, deposited in an environment with a nebulized non-solvent.
  • Employing the vapor-induced phase separation (VIPS) process, where the non-solvent induces controlled solvent extraction and in-situ hardening of the polymer.
  • Extending the VIPS-3DP process to polymer-based metallic inks and composite powder-laden polymeric inks, followed by a thermal treatment to yield final parts.
  • Implementing control over inter-filament and intra-filament porosity using printing path strategies and inorganic space-holders.

Main Results:

  • Successful 3D printing of intricate polymeric structures at room conditions using the VIPS-3DP method.
  • Demonstration of VIPS-3DP for producing metallic and composite parts after post-printing thermal processing.
  • Fabrication of spatially tunable porous structures and functionally graded materials by controlling porosity at different scales.
  • Confirmation of controllable solvent extraction and in-situ hardening, enabling efficient material deposition and structure formation.

Conclusions:

  • Vapor-induced phase separation 3D printing (VIPS-3DP) offers a versatile, room-condition, and cost-effective platform for additive manufacturing of polymers, metals, and composites.
  • The VIPS-3DP process facilitates the creation of complex geometries and advanced material functionalities, including tunable porosity and graded compositions.
  • The low-volatility solvent used in VIPS-3DP allows for solvent reclamation, significantly enhancing the environmental sustainability of the printing process.