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Updated: May 25, 2026

A Structured Rehabilitation Protocol for Improved Multifunctional Prosthetic Control: A Case Study

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Published on: November 6, 2015

Integrating Upper-Limb Prostheses with the Human Body: Technology Advances, Readiness, and Roles in Human-Prosthesis

He Helen Huang^1,2, Levi J Hargrove^3,4, Max Ortiz-Catalan^5,6

¹Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.

Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering

|April 10, 2024

Summary

Recent advancements in bionic prosthetics enhance human integration through improved device engineering and surgical techniques. This review covers upper limb prosthetics, discussing technologies, their readiness levels, and future research directions.

Keywords:

human–prosthesis interactions neural–machine interfaces prosthetics technology readiness levels

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Neuroscience
Rehabilitation Technology

Background:

Bionic prosthetics have seen significant progress over the last 20 years.
New technologies aim to improve physical, functional, and cognitive integration of prosthetic limbs.
Upper limb prosthetics are a key focus due to their reliance on user intent.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advances in bionic prosthetic engineering and human integration.
To discuss surgical techniques for seamless human-prosthesis integration.
To evaluate the technology readiness levels (TRLs) of various prosthetic advancements.

Main Methods:

Review of engineering advancements in prosthetic devices.
Analysis of interfaces between prosthetic devices and the human nervous system.
Examination of surgical techniques for neuromusculoskeletal system alteration.
Assessment of technology readiness levels (TRLs) for research advances.

Main Results:

Significant progress in engineering and integration technologies for bionic prosthetics, particularly upper limb devices.
Development of advanced interfaces for enhanced human-prosthesis interaction.
Identification of TRLs for various research breakthroughs, aiding in assessing clinical translation potential.

Conclusions:

The field of bionic prosthetics is rapidly advancing, with notable improvements in device functionality and human integration.
Further research is needed to address current gaps and controversies, guided by TRL assessments.
Future directions include refining technologies for complex human-prosthesis interactions and accelerating clinical translation.