Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 5, 2026
Real-time Video Projection in an MRI for Characterization of Neural Correlates Associated with Mirror Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain
Published on: April 20, 2019
Experiences of individuals who underwent Phantom Motor Imagery treatment to decrease phantom limb pain and the
Joanna Elisabeth Waltera Frederika van Veldhoven1, Elisabeth Maria Keesom2, Maria Munoz-Novoa3,4
1University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Purpose:
Phantom Limb Pain (PLP) frequently occurs after limb amputation and often negatively influences daily functioning. Phantom Motor Imagery (PMI) treatment intends to decrease PLP by imagining phantom movements guided by extended reality techniques. The aim of this study was to investigate the experiences of individuals with PLP after limb amputation who underwent PMI treatment, and to explore the consequences of PMI treatment on daily functioning.
Materials And Methods:
A qualitative study was performed, consisting of semi-structured interviews one month after PMI treatment among eight Dutch participants with chronic PLP after a lower-limb amputation (mean age 63 years, 50% female). Data analysis followed the Framework Method.
Results:
Most participants experienced better control of the phantom limb after PMI treatment. The treatment was considered mentally demanding. PLP decreased in most participants, enhancing mood, sleep and daily participation. Some experienced recurrence of PLP post-treatment and reported limited knowledge about PLP.
Conclusions:
PMI treatment has the potential to reduce PLP, and consequently improve quality of life. Intermittent PMI sessions after completing the initial treatment would be advised for lasting effect. Regularly imagining moving their phantom limb could be beneficial for patients. Clinicians should educate patients about PLP.
