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A Smart Textile Biofeedback Training System for Upper Limb Rehabilitation After Stroke: Co-Design Development and

Maria Munoz-Novoa1,2, Li Guo3, Anna Björkquist3

  • 1Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.

JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies
|April 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study refined a smart textile biofeedback system for stroke survivors' upper limb rehabilitation. Co-design with users and experts improved the system, showing potential for effective self-administered training.

Keywords:
co-designrehabilitationsEMGself-administeredsmart textilesstrokesurface electrodessurface electromyographytextile electrodesupper limb function

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Rehabilitation Technology
  • Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

  • Smart textiles offer a promising avenue for upper limb rehabilitation post-stroke.
  • Integrating surface electromyography (sEMG) into textiles enhances rehabilitation tools.
  • Early end-user involvement is critical for developing effective rehabilitation technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To refine and evaluate the prototype design and usability of a smart textile biofeedback system.
  • To enhance self-administered upper limb training for stroke survivors.
  • To incorporate end-user feedback into rehabilitation technology development.

Main Methods:

  • Iterative co-design process involving clinicians, stroke survivors, and an expert team.
  • Development of a smart textile sleeve with integrated sEMG electrodes and tablet-based biofeedback software.
  • User experience evaluation through semistructured interviews and the User Experience Questionnaire.

Main Results:

  • End-user feedback led to prototype refinements in the sleeve and software.
  • Users found the system easy to use, attractive, stimulating, and novel.
  • Identified needs for enhancing independent training capabilities.

Conclusions:

  • The co-design process successfully integrated end-user perspectives into prototype development.
  • Findings support the continued development of the smart textile sEMG system for self-administered stroke rehabilitation.
  • The system shows potential as an effective tool for individuals recovering from stroke.