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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...
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Medical Microrobots.

Veronica Iacovacci1,2, Eric Diller3,4,5, Daniel Ahmed6

  • 1Department of Excellence Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.

Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering
|April 10, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores medical microrobots for minimally invasive procedures. It details their design, current technology, control strategies, and future research challenges for in-body applications.

Keywords:
magnetic microrobotmedical imagingmicrorobotminimally invasive surgerytargeted therapyultrasound

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Robotics
  • Medical Technology

Background:

  • Developing controllable microrobots for internal body use is a long-standing scientific goal.
  • Microrobots offer potential for accessing difficult-to-reach areas via natural body pathways.
  • Wireless control can improve upon systemic therapies and enable novel minimally invasive procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compile anatomical and physiological data for medical microrobot design.
  • To survey the current state-of-the-art in medical microrobot technology.
  • To analyze in-body compatible tracking and control strategies.
  • To identify future research challenges and opportunities.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of anatomical and physiological data.
  • Comprehensive survey of existing medical microrobot technologies.
  • Analysis of tracking and closed-loop control strategies for in-body environments.
  • Identification of current technological limitations and future research directions.

Main Results:

  • The review synthesizes essential design information and engineering tools.
  • It presents an updated overview of various medical microrobot classes.
  • Current tracking and control methods suitable for internal use are analyzed.
  • Key challenges hindering widespread application are highlighted.

Conclusions:

  • Medical microrobots promise revolutionary minimally invasive diagnostics and therapeutics.
  • Further research is needed to overcome control, power, and biocompatibility challenges.
  • This review provides a roadmap for future advancements in medical microrobotics.