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Related Concept Videos

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

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Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but...
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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
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Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

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Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
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What is Glycolysis?00:56

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Cells make energy by breaking down macromolecules. Cellular respiration is the biochemical process that converts "food energy" (from the chemical bonds of macromolecules) into chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The first step of this tightly regulated and intricate process is glycolysis. The word glycolysis originates from the Latin glyco (sugar) and lysis (breakdown). Glycolysis serves two main intracellular functions: generating ATP and generating...
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Glycolysis: Preparatory Phase01:21

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In cellular metabolism (the complete breakdown of glucose to extract energy),  glycolysis is the first step. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Glucose enters heterotrophic cells in two ways. One method is through secondary active transport, where the transport takes place against the glucose concentration gradient. The other mechanism uses a group of integral proteins called GLUT proteins, also known as glucose transporter proteins. These...
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cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways01:25

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Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) is an essential second messenger that activates protein kinase A (PKA) and regulates various biological processes. A single epinephrine molecule binds to GPCR and activates several heterotrimeric G proteins, each stimulating multiple adenylyl cyclase, amplifying the signal, and synthesizing large numbers of cAMP molecules. Small changes in cAMP concentration affect PKA activity. The binding of four cAMP molecules induces a conformational change in PKA,...
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Engineering a Pathway to Glucose-Responsive Therapeutics.

Matthew J Webber1

  • 1Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN.

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This summary is machine-generated.

The American Diabetes Association

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Diabetes Therapeutics
  • Medical Device Development

Background:

  • The American Diabetes Association's Pathway to Stop Diabetes program offers crucial funding for diabetes research.
  • This program supports diverse research areas focused on understanding, managing, and treating diabetes.
  • Personal reflection from a 2019 Pathway Accelerator awardee highlights research advancements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a materials-centered approach for engineering glucose-responsive devices.
  • To introduce novel delivery tools for improved diabetes therapeutic outcomes.
  • To reflect on the impact of the ADA Pathway Program over five years.

Main Methods:

  • Developing advanced materials for glucose responsiveness.
  • Engineering innovative device prototypes for diabetes management.
  • Utilizing a materials-centered strategy for therapeutic tool development.

Main Results:

  • Progress in creating glucose-responsive materials.
  • Advancements in designing new diabetes therapeutic delivery systems.
  • Demonstration of a viable materials-centered research pathway.

Conclusions:

  • A materials-centered approach shows promise for next-generation diabetes devices.
  • Novel delivery tools can enhance therapeutic efficacy in diabetes treatment.
  • Sustained funding programs like ADA Pathway are vital for research innovation.