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Updated: Jun 28, 2025

Technique and Considerations in the Use of 4x1 Ring High-definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation HD-tDCS
Published on: July 14, 2013
Basic considerations
1Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
Abstract:
The chapter reviews certain topics in outline. It starts with a brief account of the nature of surgery. This is followed by a short account of modern management of cranial trauma including the evolution of notions of anatomy and pathophysiology. It is emphasized that these principles are and must be irrelevant to the management of cranial trauma in the period covered in this book from Hippocrates to the end of the 18th century. Historical errors arising from assuming modern principles applied in historical practice are mentioned. Finally, the risks inherent in accepting images without questioning their authorship and provenance is also mentioned.
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