An Overview of the Epigenetic Modifications in the Brain under Normal and Pathological Conditions

Area of Science:

• Neuroscience
• Genetics
• Molecular Biology

Background:

• Epigenetic modifications alter gene expression without changing DNA sequence, forming an epigenetic code vital for cellular regulation.
• The brain's limited cell renewal makes it susceptible to epigenetic alterations linked to neurodegeneration, particularly in aging.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review key epigenetic modifications in the brain.
• To highlight their role in neurodevelopmental anomalies, neurodegenerative conditions, and aging.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of epigenetic mechanisms in the brain.
• Focus on DNA methylation and various histone modifications (acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, lactylation, crotonylation).

Main Results:

• Epigenetic changes are central to brain development, maturation, and aging.
• DNA methylation and histone modifications are implicated in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease pathogenesis.
• Factors like oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction dynamically regulate these epigenetic changes.

Conclusions:

• Epigenetic modifications are critical regulators of brain function and health.
• Understanding these mechanisms offers insights into preventing and treating age-related neurodegenerative disorders.