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The generation of electrical current in semiconductors is fundamentally driven by two mechanisms: drift and diffusion. These processes are essential for the functionality and performance of semiconductor-based devices.
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Transport and Nonreciprocity in Monitored Quantum Devices: An Exact Study.

João Ferreira1, Tony Jin1,2, Jochen Mannhart3

  • 1Department of Quantum Matter Physics, École de Physique University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.

Physical Review Letters
|April 13, 2024
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Continuous monitoring of fermionic systems reveals measurement-induced inelastic processes. These processes enable nonreciprocal currents and work extraction without feedback control, offering new avenues in quantum thermodynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum thermodynamics
  • Condensed matter physics
  • Open quantum systems

Background:

  • Noninteracting fermionic systems are fundamental in quantum mechanics.
  • Continuous monitoring introduces unique dynamics and influences system behavior.
  • Biased reservoirs drive particle and energy flow in quantum systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To derive exact formulas for particle and heat flows in continuously monitored fermionic systems.
  • To investigate the role of monitoring strength on system currents.
  • To explore measurement-induced work extraction and cooling mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Derivation of exact formulas for particle and heat flows by averaging over measurement outcomes.
  • Analysis of elastic and inelastic current components.
  • Application of a formalism to specific monitoring schemes.

Main Results:

  • Exact formulas for particle and heat flows were derived.
  • Competing elastic and inelastic current components were identified, dependent on monitoring strength (γ).
  • Monitor-induced inelastic processes lead to nonreciprocal currents and enable work extraction without active feedback.

Conclusions:

  • Continuous monitoring can induce nonreciprocal currents and facilitate work extraction.
  • The study provides a framework for understanding measurement-driven quantum thermodynamics.
  • Optimal performance regimes were identified for specific monitoring strengths, beyond perturbative limits.