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Redox Reactions01:24

Redox Reactions

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Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
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In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
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A reduction-oxidation reaction is commonly called a redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another rather than being shared between or among atoms. The reducing agent or reductant is the species that loses electrons and gets oxidized in the process. The species that gains electrons and gets reduced in the process is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Redox reactions are represented as two separate equations called half-reactions, where one equation...
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Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents01:26

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Besides iodine, other oxidizing or reducing agents can serve as titrants in redox titrations. Common oxidizing titrants include KMnO4, cerium(IV), and K2Cr2O7. The choice of oxidizing titrants depends on factors like stability, cost, analyte strength, and reaction rate between the analyte and titrant. KMnO4 is a strong oxidizing titrant that reduces from Mn(VII) to Mn(II) in a highly acidic solution, simultaneously oxidizing the analyte to a higher oxidation state. In this case, KMnO4 acts as a...
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Redox-Active Boron Clusters.

Austin D Ready1, Yessica A Nelson1, Daniel F Torres Pomares1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.

Accounts of Chemical Research
|April 15, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This research explores functionalized boron clusters, highlighting their tunable redox behavior for applications in energy storage and materials science. These unique 3D aromatic systems offer distinct properties compared to traditional organic molecules.

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Boron clusters offer tunable redox properties distinct from 2D organic systems.
  • Research over the past decade has focused on functionalized boron clusters with controllable chemical and physical characteristics.
  • The redox behavior of these 3D aromatic systems is a key area of investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the tunable redox behavior of functionalized boron clusters.
  • To apply these clusters in energy storage devices and materials.
  • To investigate the synthesis and properties of novel boron cluster derivatives.

Main Methods:

  • Spectroscopic and electrochemical characterization of B12(OR)12 clusters in various oxidation states.
  • Application of boron clusters in redox flow batteries and as dopants in conjugated polymers.
  • Synthesis of vertex-differentiated clusters and exploration of smaller boron cluster cores (B6 and B10).

Main Results:

  • B12(OR)12 clusters exhibit tunable multielectron redox behavior and photophysical properties.
  • Solid-state applications include hybrid metal oxide materials for photocatalysis and supercapacitors, and Li-ion battery cathodes.
  • Novel boron cluster derivatives offer access to previously inaccessible electrochemical potentials.
  • Oxidative decomposition of smaller boron clusters yields useful alkyl boronate esters and aryl boronate esters.

Conclusions:

  • Functionalized boron clusters are promising redox-active molecules for materials science.
  • Their unique electrochemical properties can be leveraged for novel materials and chemical reagents.
  • This research expands the scope of boron cluster applications in energy and synthesis.