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Updated: Jun 28, 2025

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Alpha-fetoprotein: Past, present, and future.

Yee Hui Yeo1, Yi-Te Lee1, Hsian-Rong Tseng2,3

  • 1Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.

Hepatology Communications
|April 15, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a key biomarker for liver cancer (HCC) screening, prognosis, and treatment monitoring. This review details AFP discovery, biological roles, and its impact on clinical practice and future HCC research.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Immunology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a glycoprotein crucial for immune regulation during development and pregnancy.
  • Postnatally, AFP gene transcription is suppressed, shifting to albumin gene maintenance.
  • Elevated AFP postnatally indicates hepatocyte injury, regeneration, or malignant transformation.

Approach:

  • This review synthesizes current knowledge on AFP.
  • It covers AFP discovery, biological functions, and its multifaceted role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
  • The review examines AFP as a biomarker and therapeutic target.

Key Points:

  • AFP is the first identified oncoprotein and a vital HCC screening tool.
  • AFP serves as a powerful prognostic and predictive biomarker for HCC.
  • AFP's immune-modulating properties are implicated in tumorigenesis and therapeutic strategies.

Conclusions:

  • AFP's utility extends beyond a biomarker to a potential therapeutic target in HCC.
  • Understanding AFP's roles enhances HCC management and clinical practice.
  • Future research directions for AFP in HCC are discussed.