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[Source Apportionment of Morphine in Wastewater]
Xue-Ting Shao1, Yue-Tong Zhao1, Bing Jiang1
1College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China.
Wastewater analysis reveals morphine sources, with medical use, poppy straw, and codeine contributing significantly. Seasonal outbreaks influenced drug use patterns, but overall morphine abuse was not detected.
Area of Science:
- Environmental chemistry
- Forensic toxicology
- Analytical chemistry
Context:
- Wastewater-based epidemiology offers a novel approach for monitoring drug use.
- Identifying diverse morphine sources in municipal wastewater presents analytical challenges.
Purpose:
- To differentiate and quantify sources of morphine in urban wastewater using advanced analytical methods.
- To assess the contribution of medical use, poppy straw, and codeine to wastewater morphine levels.
Summary:
- Analyzed 262 wastewater samples for alkaloids, including morphine and codeine.
- Employed ratio methods and positive matrix factorization (PMF) for source apportionment.
- Medical morphine use, poppy straw, and codeine were identified as key sources, with varying contributions influenced by seasonal outbreaks.
Impact:
- The study successfully distinguished between legal and illegal morphine sources in a city's wastewater.
- Findings indicate stable use of medical morphine analgesics, with increased poppy straw and codeine use during outbreaks.
- Results confirm no widespread morphine abuse in the studied urban area.
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