Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Speciation and Bioavailability Measurements of Environmental Plutonium Using Diffusion in Thin Films
Published on: November 9, 2015
Reference values for plasma and urine trace elements in a Swiss population-based cohort.
Maïwenn Perrais1,2, Bastien Trächsel3, Sébastien Lenglet1
1Unit of Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology, 658784 University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva , Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
This study established reference values for trace element (TE) concentrations in the Swiss population using biomonitoring. These findings provide crucial data for understanding TE levels and their health implications in Switzerland.
Area of Science:
- Environmental Health
- Analytical Chemistry
- Human Physiology
Background:
- Trace elements (TEs) are essential but vary significantly between individuals and populations.
- Biomonitoring of TEs is crucial due to health consequences of deficits or excesses.
- Understanding population-specific TE levels is vital for public health.
Purpose of the Study:
- To establish reference values for a broad panel of trace elements in the Swiss adult population.
- To provide a comprehensive biomonitoring dataset for Switzerland.
- To assess factors influencing TE concentrations in humans.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of 24 trace elements in urine and plasma samples from 1,078 participants (aged 18-90) using ICP-MS.
- Statistical evaluation of covariates such as sex, age, BMI, and smoking.
- Definition of reference intervals (P50, P95) for the Swiss population.
Main Results:
- TE concentrations were determined for 994 individuals in plasma and 903 in urine.
- Reference percentiles (P50, P95) were established for most TEs.
- Significant differences in TE distribution were observed between sexes and influenced by age.
Conclusions:
- This study presents the first large-scale biomonitoring of trace elements in Switzerland.
- Established reference values in plasma and urine are valuable for the Swiss population.
- Results align with clinical guidelines and international findings.
Related Concept Videos
Urine Studies I: Urinalysis
Serum Studies: Renal Function Tests

