Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Dependence of Elimination Half-Life and Dose Clearance01:23

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Dependence of Elimination Half-Life and Dose Clearance

134
The elimination half-life and drug clearance of drugs following nonlinear kinetics can vary with dosage. The Michaelis-Menten parameters and drug concentration influence these factors. As the dose increases, the elimination half-life tends to lengthen, resulting in a reduction in clearance and a disproportionately larger area under the curve. The total clearance can be derived from the Michaelis-Menten equation for drugs following a one-compartment model.
A study on guinea pigs examined the...
134
Clearance Models: Physiological Models01:09

Clearance Models: Physiological Models

63
Drug clearance is a critical pharmacokinetic process involving the irreversible removal of drugs from the body through various organs over a specified time period. Physiological models are indispensable in determining organ-specific clearance, defined by the proportion of the drug eliminated per unit of time from the organ's blood volume.
The organ's clearance rate depends on the blood flow to the organ and the extraction ratio (E). The extraction ratio describes the organ's...
63
Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview01:21

Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview

2.0K
When it comes to infants and young children, they are typically administered smaller doses of medication in comparison to adults. This is primarily because their organ functions still need to fully develop, meaning their bodies are not as efficient at metabolizing or eliminating drugs. Additionally, their blood-brain barrier is more permeable than in adults. As a result, high concentrations of drugs can easily penetrate the central nervous system (CNS), potentially leading to neurological...
2.0K
Clearance Models: Noncompartmental Models01:17

Clearance Models: Noncompartmental Models

57
Clearance is a pharmacokinetic parameter traditionally defined by compartment models, signifying the rate at which a drug is expelled from the body. However, a noncompartmental model offers an alternative method for assessing clearance, primarily employing empirical data obtained after administering a single drug dose.
The noncompartmental approach capitalizes on extensive sampling data, correlating the volume of distribution to systemic exposure and the administered dosage. This method enables...
57
Preclinical Development: Overview01:28

Preclinical Development: Overview

4.4K
Preclinical development consists of a series of tests that ensure the safety and efficacy of a new therapeutic compound before it is tested in humans. There are four main phases to this process. First, safety pharmacology tests are conducted to ensure the drug does not produce any acutely harmful effects. These tests examine parameters such as bronchoconstriction, cardiac dysrhythmias, blood pressure changes, and ataxia. Next, preliminary toxicological testing is performed to determine the...
4.4K
Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Incorporating Hepatic Transporter-Mediated Clearance01:07

Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Incorporating Hepatic Transporter-Mediated Clearance

38
Drug transporters are critical in drug absorption, distribution, and excretion processes. They should be included in physiological-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models, which help predict human drug disposition. However, predicting this is challenging during drug development, especially when liver transport is involved. However, with a realistic representation of body transport processes, an accurate model may be possible.
A recent model describes pravastatin's hepatobiliary excretion,...
38

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Replication-independent eviction of the histone variant H2B.8 reveals chromatin reprogramming during seed imbibition.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Discrimination of crystal polymorphism in active pharmaceutical ingredients using time-domain <sup>1</sup>H NMR relaxation combined with multivariate statistical process control.

International journal of pharmaceutics·2026
Same author

[Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Impairs Duodenal Barrier Integrity in Rats].

Yakugaku zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan·2026
Same author

Half-release and full aspiration technique for endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy in severe acute cholangitis.

Endoscopy·2026
Same author

A Rare but Life-Threatening Complication of Direct Endoscopic Necrosectomy: Tension Pneumoperitoneum With Pneumothorax and Hypercapnia due to Walled-Off Necrosis Rupture.

Case reports in gastrointestinal medicine·2026
Same author

Automated Quantitative Analysis of Enhancing and Peritumoral Cerebral Blood Volume for Differentiating Glioblastoma From Central Nervous System Lymphoma.

Journal of computer assisted tomography·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2025

Experimental Protocol for Examining Behavioral Response Profiles in Larval Fish: Application to the Neuro-stimulant Caffeine
08:33

Experimental Protocol for Examining Behavioral Response Profiles in Larval Fish: Application to the Neuro-stimulant Caffeine

Published on: July 24, 2018

11.2K

Modeling Developmental Changes in Caffeine Clearance Considering Differences between Pre- and Postnatal Period.

Haruka Ide1, Yukako Kawasaki2, Kentaro Tamura2

  • 1Department of Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama.

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin
|April 21, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Postmenstrual age (PMA) influences caffeine (CAF) clearance in infants. Gestational age (GA) and postnatal age (PNA) are crucial for determining optimal CAF dosage in preterm infants, alongside body weight.

Keywords:
caffeinegestational agenonlinear mixed effect modelpostmenstrual agepostnatal agepreterm infant

More Related Videos

Preclinical Model of Prenatal Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Exposure to Assess Its Impact on Neurodevelopmental Outcomes
05:13

Preclinical Model of Prenatal Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Exposure to Assess Its Impact on Neurodevelopmental Outcomes

Published on: February 28, 2025

189
Murine Drinking Models in the Development of Pharmacotherapies for Alcoholism: Drinking in the Dark and Two-bottle Choice
07:31

Murine Drinking Models in the Development of Pharmacotherapies for Alcoholism: Drinking in the Dark and Two-bottle Choice

Published on: January 7, 2019

8.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 28, 2025

Experimental Protocol for Examining Behavioral Response Profiles in Larval Fish: Application to the Neuro-stimulant Caffeine
08:33

Experimental Protocol for Examining Behavioral Response Profiles in Larval Fish: Application to the Neuro-stimulant Caffeine

Published on: July 24, 2018

11.2K
Preclinical Model of Prenatal Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Exposure to Assess Its Impact on Neurodevelopmental Outcomes
05:13

Preclinical Model of Prenatal Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Exposure to Assess Its Impact on Neurodevelopmental Outcomes

Published on: February 28, 2025

189
Murine Drinking Models in the Development of Pharmacotherapies for Alcoholism: Drinking in the Dark and Two-bottle Choice
07:31

Murine Drinking Models in the Development of Pharmacotherapies for Alcoholism: Drinking in the Dark and Two-bottle Choice

Published on: January 7, 2019

8.0K

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Developmental Pharmacology

Background:

  • Caffeine (CAF) clearance in infants is influenced by developmental changes.
  • Postmenstrual age (PMA) has been identified as a key factor in understanding caffeine clearance development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify developmental changes in caffeine clearance.
  • To determine the impact of gestational period length on caffeine clearance.
  • To refine caffeine dosage recommendations for preterm infants.

Main Methods:

  • Nonlinear mixed-effects modeling (NONMEM) analysis.
  • Evaluation of six different pharmacokinetic models.
  • Analysis of 115 serum samples from 52 preterm infants.

Main Results:

  • Caffeine (CAF) clearance, expressed as C/D ratioBSA, was dependent on postmenstrual age (PMA), not postnatal age (PNA).
  • A final NONMEM model was developed: CL/F = 0.00603∙WT∙∙0.877GA≤196 L/h.
  • The model effectively described variations in CAF clearance, considering both prenatal and postnatal developmental periods separately.

Conclusions:

  • Postmenstrual age (PMA) is a significant determinant of caffeine (CAF) clearance in infants.
  • Gestational age (GA) and postnatal age (PNA) are critical factors for optimizing caffeine dosage in preterm neonates.
  • Dosage adjustments for caffeine in preterm infants should incorporate body weight (WT), PNA, and GA for improved safety and efficacy.