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Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers01:24

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers

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Copolymers are the products obtained from the polymerization of multiple monomer species. So, in a polymer chain itself, there can be multiple repeating units that come from different monomers. The process of synthesizing a polymer from different monomer species is called copolymerization. When two monomers are involved, the polymer is known as a bipolymer. Polymers with three and four monomers are termed terpolymers and quaterpolymers, respectively. Figure 1 depicts the copolymerization of...
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Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
2.8K
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

3.1K
The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
3.1K
Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

4.8K
Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
4.8K
Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

3.0K
Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
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Formulation of Diblock Polymeric Nanoparticles through Nanoprecipitation Technique
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Formulation of Diblock Polymeric Nanoparticles through Nanoprecipitation Technique

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Controlling the Formation of Polyhedral Block Copolymer Nanoparticles: Insights from Process Variables and Dynamic

Edgar Avalos1, Takashi Teramoto2, Yutaro Hirai1

  • 1Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan.

ACS Omega
|April 22, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers have fabricated novel nanoscale polyhedral block copolymer particles (PBCPs) with unique cornered shapes. This breakthrough in block copolymer self-assembly is driven by controlling process parameters and utilizing coupled Cahn-Hillard equations.

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Synthesis of Monodisperse Cylindrical Nanoparticles via Crystallization-driven Self-assembly of Biodegradable Block Copolymers
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Synthesis of Monodisperse Cylindrical Nanoparticles via Crystallization-driven Self-assembly of Biodegradable Block Copolymers

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Traditional block copolymers (BCPs) typically form smooth, spherical nanoparticles.
  • The formation of non-spherical, geometrically defined nanostructures remains a significant challenge in materials science.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the formation mechanisms of novel nanoscale polyhedral block copolymer particles (PBCPs).
  • To explore the influence of process parameters on the generation of cubic, octahedral, and variant polyhedral morphologies.
  • To develop a theoretical model for predicting PBCP shape and internal microphase separation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a system of coupled Cahn-Hillard (CCH) equations to model particle formation.
  • Investigated the role of relaxation parameters for shape variable (u) and microphase separation (v).
  • Performed numerical stability analysis to differentiate transient behavior from local minima.

Main Results:

  • Successfully fabricated PBCPs with distinct cubic, octahedral, and variant geometries, featuring cornered surfaces.
  • Identified process parameters like evaporation rates and initial concentration as key drivers for polyhedral morphology.
  • Developed a theoretical model that accurately predicts particle shapes and microphase separation, overcoming ab initio limitations.

Conclusions:

  • The formation of cornered polyhedral block copolymer nanoparticles is achievable through precise control of process parameters.
  • Coupled Cahn-Hillard equations provide a robust theoretical framework for understanding and directing PBCP self-assembly.
  • This work opens new avenues for designing complex nanostructures with tailored morphologies for advanced applications.