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Biomolecular condensates form spatially inhomogeneous network fluids.

Furqan Dar1, Samuel R Cohen1,2, Diana M Mitrea3

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Biomolecular condensates, mimicking nucleolar granular components, form network fluids with distinct molecular densities. This organization influences their material properties and internal dynamics, offering insights into cellular functions.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Biomolecular condensates are crucial for cellular functions, with their properties influenced by internal molecular organization.
  • Structural characterization of these condensates is challenging, limiting our understanding of their material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To structurally characterize model condensates formed by macromolecules from nucleolar granular components (GCs).
  • To elucidate the relationship between internal organization, material properties, and molecular dynamics within these condensates.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a combination of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP).
  • Employed coarse-grained molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for detailed structural descriptions.
  • Focused on minimal facsimiles of nucleolar granular components (GCs).

Main Results:

  • GC-mimicking macromolecules form network fluids with spatial inhomogeneities across multiple length scales.
  • These inhomogeneities arise from distinct protein and peptide domain contributions.
  • A coexistence of liquid- and gas-like macromolecular densities was observed, leading to bimodal internal molecular dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • The network-fluid organization of these condensates dictates their material properties and dynamics.
  • Insights suggest that condensates formed by multivalent proteins share characteristics with colloidal systems like patchy or hairy colloids.
  • This study provides a structural basis for understanding condensate function and behavior.