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Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

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Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids01:19

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Sulfation and α-amino acid conjugation are two critical biotransformation reactions in drug metabolism. Sulfation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, involves adding a polar sulfate group to a drug, enhancing its water solubility and promoting excretion. This process can either co-occur with or occur independently of glucuronidation. Nonmicrosomal sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the process. The reaction involves 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate or PAPS coenzyme...
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Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling01:11

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The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the...
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Sulfonation of benzene is a reaction wherein benzene is treated with fuming sulfuric acid at room temperature to produce benzenesulfonic acid. Fuming sulfuric acid is a mixture of sulfur trioxide and concentrated sulfuric acid.
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Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides02:17

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Thiols and sulfides are sulfur analogs of alcohols and ethers, respectively, where the sulfur atom takes the place of the oxygen atom. Thus, thiols are generally represented as RSH, where R is an alkyl substituent and —SH is the functional group. On the other hand, in sulfides, the central sulfur atom is bonded to two hydrocarbon groups on either side. Depending upon the type of group, sulfides can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical. Both thiols and sulfides display a bent geometry,...
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Antihypertensive Drugs: Thiazide-Class Diuretics01:15

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Thiazide diuretics are sulfonamide derivatives featuring a benzothiadiazine ring system in their molecular structure. Based on this structure, thiazide diuretics can be categorized into two groups: thiazide-type and thiazide-like diuretics. Thiazide-type diuretics, including hydrochlorothiazide and chlorothiazide, consist of a benzothiadiazine backbone with an attached sulfonamide group. Thiazide-like diuretics, such as chlorthalidone and indapamide, lack the thiazide ring but demonstrate...
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Zinc-Sponge Battery Electrodes that Suppress Dendrites
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Zinc Phenolsulfonate.

Regina Tucker1, Wilma F Bergfeld2, Donald V Belsito2

  • 1Cosmetic Ingredient Review Former Scientific Analyst/Writer.

International Journal of Toxicology
|April 25, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety confirmed Zinc Phenolsulfonate is safe for cosmetic use. This conclusion is based on recent studies and current product usage levels.

Keywords:
Cosmetic Ingredient ReviewCosmeticsExpert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient SafetySafetyZinc Phenolsulfonate

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Area of Science:

  • Cosmetic Science
  • Dermatology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety previously assessed Zinc Phenolsulfonate in 1986 and 2004.
  • Updated scientific literature and product usage data have become available since the last review.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-evaluate the safety of Zinc Phenolsulfonate as a cosmetic ingredient.
  • To consider newly available scientific studies and current product use information.

Main Methods:

  • Review of newly available scientific studies.
  • Analysis of updated information on cosmetic product types.
  • Assessment of current concentrations of use in cosmetic products.

Main Results:

  • The Expert Panel considered all updated data.
  • Zinc Phenolsulfonate was evaluated based on current cosmetic industry practices.

Conclusions:

  • Zinc Phenolsulfonate is confirmed to be safe as a cosmetic ingredient.
  • Safety is affirmed within the present practices of use and concentration detailed in the report.