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Related Concept Videos

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lead Control01:24

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Phase-lead controllers are commonly used in various control systems to enhance response speed and stability. Adjusting the brightness on a television screen offers a practical example of phase-lead control. When contrast is enhanced, a phase-lead controller is employed. Mathematically, phase-lead control is identified when the first parameter is smaller than the second.
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Understanding the working function of different types of controllers can be illustrated with practical analogies, such as adjusting a stereo's volume equalizer. Cranking up the bass involves a phase-lead controller, which functions as a high-pass filter, while increasing the treble uses a phase-lag controller, which acts as a low-pass filter. PD controllers, similar to high-pass filters, enhance the system's response to high-frequency components. PI controllers, akin to low-pass...
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Phase-lag controllers are widely used in control systems to improve stability and reduce steady-state errors. A dimmer switch controlling the brightness of a light bulb serves as a practical example of phase-lag control, gradually adjusting the bulb's brightness. Mathematically, phase-lag control or low-pass filtering is represented when the factor 'a' is less than 1.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2025

Double Emulsion Generation Using a Polydimethylsiloxane PDMS Co-axial Flow Focus Device
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On-device phase engineering.

Xiaowei Liu1, Junjie Shan1, Tianjun Cao1

  • 1National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.

Nature Materials
|April 25, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

On-device phase engineering enables new material stoichiometries in two-dimensional materials. This method allows for tailored properties in electronic, quantum, and energy applications by controlling material phases and compositions directly on a device.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Tailoring two-dimensional (2D) materials' phases is crucial for advanced applications.
  • Current phase transition methods are limited to materials with the same chemical composition.
  • Controlling stoichiometry during phase transitions remains a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce an on-device phase engineering technique for creating diverse lattice phases with varying chemical stoichiometries in 2D materials.
  • To demonstrate the transformation of palladium diselenide (PdSe2) into different stoichiometric phases (Pd17Se15 and Pd4Se).
  • To showcase the versatility of this approach for various applications, including superconductivity, low-contact resistance, and electrocatalysis.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing palladium and selenide as a model system for 2D materials.
  • Employing thermal tailoring of the chemical composition ratio within a PdSe2 channel with prepatterned palladium electrodes.
  • Precisely controlling electrode thickness and spacing to achieve different phase configurations.

Main Results:

  • Successfully transformed PdSe2 into Pd17Se15 and Pd4Se phases by adjusting the chemical composition ratio.
  • Demonstrated the ability to engineer device functions in situ, including superconductivity and ultralow-contact resistance.
  • Showcased customized synthesis of electrocatalysts using the engineered phases.

Conclusions:

  • On-device phase engineering offers a novel pathway to achieve diverse chemical stoichiometries in 2D materials.
  • This approach provides a universal mechanism applicable to 29 metal-chalcogen combinations.
  • The technique enables the exploitation of fundamental material properties for versatile electronic, quantum, and energy applications.