Design and Position Control of a Bionic Joint Actuated by Shape Memory Alloy Wires

Bionic joints are crucial for robotic motion and are a hot topic in robotics research. Among various actuators for joints, shape memory alloys (SMAs) have attracted significant interest due to their similarity to natural muscles. SMA exhibits the shape memory effect (SME) based on martensite-to-austenite transformation and its inverse, which allows for force and displacement output through low-voltage heating. However, one of the main challenges with SMA is its limited axial stroke. In this article, a bionic joint based on SMA wires and a differential pulley set structure was proposed. The axial stroke of the SMA wires was converted into rotational motion by the stroke amplification of the differential pulley set, enabling the joint to rotate by a sufficient angle. We modeled the bionic joint and designed a proportional-integral (PI) controller. We demonstrated that the bionic joint exhibited good position control performance, achieving a rotation angle range of -30° to 30°. The proposed bionic joint, utilizing SMA wires and a differential pulley set, offers an innovative solution for enhancing the range of motion in SMA actuated bionic joints.