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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Sequencing of the human genome has opened up several best-kept secrets of the genome. Scientists have identified thousands of genome variations that exist within a population. These variations can be a single nucleotide or a larger chromosomal variation.
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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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On the SARS-CoV-2 Variants.

Fabio Scarpa1, Francesco Branda2, Nicola Petrosillo3

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Infectious Disease Reports
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Summary

Viral evolution, including SARS-CoV-2 variants, impacts global health through genetic changes affecting spread and immune evasion. Ongoing genomic surveillance is key to managing pandemic threats effectively.

Keywords:
SARS-CoV-2SARS-CoV-2 evolutionSARS-CoV-2 variantsepidemicpandemic

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Genetics
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, highlights rapid viral evolution.
  • Viral genetic diversification leads to variants with altered transmissibility and immune evasion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the genetic evolution of SARS-CoV-2.
  • To assess the implications of viral variants on global health.
  • To emphasize the importance of genomic surveillance for public health.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genetic sequences.
  • Identification and characterization of viral variants.
  • Review of scientific literature on viral evolution and public health impact.

Main Results:

  • SARS-CoV-2 has diversified into numerous variants (e.g., Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Omicron) with distinct mutations.
  • Notable variants exhibit increased transmissibility and immune evasion.
  • Most variants have limited expansion, but Omicron and its subvariants raise public health concerns.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic adaptation is a natural process in viral evolution.
  • Effective public health strategies require empirical evidence and continuous genomic surveillance.
  • Prompt identification of emerging variants of concern is crucial for pandemic management.