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Related Concept Videos

Halogens03:01

Halogens

18.5K
Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group. 
18.5K
Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

15.6K
Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.
15.6K
Radical Halogenation: Thermodynamics01:34

Radical Halogenation: Thermodynamics

3.8K
The thermodynamic favorability of a reaction is determined by the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG). ΔG has two components- enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS). The entropy component is negligible for alkane halogenation because the number of reactants and product molecules are equal. In this case, the ΔG is governed only by the enthalpy component. The most crucial factor that determines ΔH is the strength of the bonds. ΔH can be determined by comparing the energy...
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Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

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Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
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Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Hydrohalogenation02:35

Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Hydrohalogenation

9.9K
Electrophilic addition of hydrogen halides, HX (X = Cl, Br or I) to alkenes forms alkyl halides as per Markovnikov's rule, where the hydrogen gets added to the less substituted carbon of the double bond. Hydrohalogenation of alkynes takes place in a similar manner, with the first addition of HX forming a vinyl halide and the second giving a geminal dihalide.
9.9K
Hess's Law03:40

Hess's Law

45.1K
There are two ways to determine the amount of heat involved in a chemical change: measure it experimentally, or calculate it from other experimentally determined enthalpy changes. Some reactions are difficult, if not impossible, to investigate and make accurate measurements for experimentally. And even when a reaction is not hard to perform or measure, it is convenient to be able to determine the heat involved in a reaction without having to perform an experiment.
45.1K

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Updated: Jun 27, 2025

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

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Halogen-powered static conversion chemistry.

Xinliang Li1, Wenyu Xu2, Chunyi Zhi3

  • 1Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Laboratory of Zhongyuan Light, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China. lixinliang@zzu.edu.cn.

Nature Reviews. Chemistry
|April 26, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Halogen-powered static conversion batteries (HSCBs) offer advanced energy storage by utilizing reversible halogen valence changes. This review explores their mechanisms, performance, and potential for high-energy halogen cathodes in devices.

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Coulomb Explosion Imaging as a Tool to Distinguish Between Stereoisomers
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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Halogen-powered static conversion batteries (HSCBs) are secondary non-flow batteries.
  • They utilize reversible changes in halogen chemical valence for electron transfer, differing from traditional rocking-chair batteries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current status of HSCBs.
  • To elucidate the correlations between electrochemical mechanisms and battery performance.
  • To discuss the potential of high-energy halogen cathodes for energy storage.

Main Methods:

  • Detailed exposition of fundamental redox mechanisms.
  • Analysis of thermodynamics, conversion, and catalysis chemistry.
  • Examination of mass and electron transfer modes in HSCBs.

Main Results:

  • Identified various active halide chemicals: organic halides, halide salts, halogenated inorganics, organic-inorganic halides, and elemental halogens.
  • Discovered multiple redox mechanisms involving multi-electron transfer and effective reaction pathways.
  • Demonstrated improved electrochemical performance and stability of HSCBs.

Conclusions:

  • HSCBs show promise for energy storage applications.
  • Further research into fundamental mechanisms and materials is crucial.
  • Opportunities exist for developing practical high-energy halogen cathodes.