Bioavailability enhancement of coenzyme Q₁₀: An update of novel approaches

Coenzyme Q₁₀ (CoQ₁₀) is an essential, lipid-soluble vitamin involved in electron transport in the oxidoreductive reactions of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Structurally, the quinone ring is connected to an isoprenoid moiety, which has a high molecular weight. Over the years, coenzyme Q₁₀ has become relevant in the treatment of several diseases, like neurodegenerative disorders, coronary diseases, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, cancer, and others. According to studies, CoQ₁₀ supplementation might be beneficial in the treatment of CoQ₁₀ deficiencies and disorders associated with oxidative stress. However, the water-insoluble nature of CoQ₁₀ is a major hindrance to successful supplementation. So far, many advancements in CoQ₁₀ bioavailability enhancement have been developed using novel drug carriers such as solid dispersion, liposomes, micelles, nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, self-emulsifying drug systems, or various innovative approaches (CoQ₁₀ complexation with proteins). This article aims to provide an update on methods to improve CoQ₁₀ solubility and bioavailability.