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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System01:26

Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System

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The activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to cardiac remodeling, and inhibiting the RAAS is a pharmacological target in heart failure management. As a result, neurohumoral modulation is a crucial treatment principle for managing heart failure. This approach involves using medications like ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and neutral...
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Heart Failure Drugs: β-Blockers01:22

Heart Failure Drugs: β-Blockers

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β-adrenergic antagonists, commonly known as β-blockers, block the effects of sympathetic neurotransmitters such as noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (ADR). They have several beneficial effects in heart failure treatment. They reduce heart rate, the force of contraction, and cardiac muscle relaxation. They also slow the atrial-ventricular conduction rate and raise the threshold for arrhythmias. The concentration of β-blockers determines their effects on bronchodilation,...
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Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

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The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send...
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Updated: Jun 27, 2025

Identifying PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors with Surface Plasmon Resonance Technology
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Cardiac Challenges in Immune Checkpoint Therapy: Complete Heart Block With Pembrolizumab.

Rand Sabanci1, Moiz Saeed1, Kevin Watat2

  • 1Internal Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA.

Cureus
|April 30, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can cause severe heart problems. A patient on pembrolizumab developed fatal heart block and arrhythmias, emphasizing the need for careful cardiac monitoring during ICI cancer therapy.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cardiology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed cancer treatment.
  • However, ICIs can cause immune-related adverse events, including cardiac complications.
Keywords:
complete heart blockimmune check-point inhibitorpacemakerpembrolizumabpembrolizumab side effectrenal cell carcinoma (rcc)ventricular tachycardia

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  • Cardiac toxicity is a significant concern in patients receiving ICI therapy.