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Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Identification and characterization of recent retrovirus in Rhinolophus ferrumequinum bats.

Hee Chun Chung1, Sung Jae Kim2, Su Jin Hwang1,3

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.

Microbiology Spectrum
|April 30, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Exogenous retroviruses (XRVs) related to Rhinolophus ferrumequinum retrovirus (RfRV) were found in South Korean bats. These RfRV-like viruses show distinct genetic traits and global spread, indicating ongoing evolution and transmission.

Keywords:
Rhinolophus ferrumequinum retrovirusbatdetectionphylogenetic analysisretrovirus

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Bat Health
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Retroviruses in bats can pose zoonotic risks.
  • Previous discovery of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum retrovirus (RfRV) in China.
  • Limited understanding of exogenous retroviruses (XRVs) in South Korean bat populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and genetic characteristics of retroviruses in South Korean bats.
  • To determine the evolutionary relationship of newly identified bat retroviruses.
  • To confirm the exogenous nature and replication capacity of these viruses.

Main Methods:

  • PCR and digital PCR assays for retrovirus detection and quantification in bat tissues.
  • Whole-genome phylogenetic analysis to determine viral relationships.
  • Simplot analysis for genetic comparison and mutation identification.
  • Cell culture recovery and transmission electron microscopy for virus characterization.

Main Results:

  • Exogenous retroviruses (XRVs) detected in Rhinolophus ferrumequinum bats in South Korea.
  • RfRV-like viruses identified, forming a distinct clade separate from Gammaretrovirus.
  • Significant variation in proviral loads across different organs, suggesting active replication.
  • Successful isolation and replication of a Korean RfRV-like virus (Y4b strain) in cell culture.
  • Identification of point mutations in the envelope gene of Korean RfRV-like viruses.

Conclusions:

  • Korean RfRV-like viruses are distinct exogenous retroviruses that likely evolved from RfRV.
  • Evidence supports ongoing viral activity, replication, and integration within bat organs.
  • The successful recovery in cell culture confirms their status as XRVs.
  • RfRV-like viruses demonstrate global spread, with recent detection in Kenya.